A. Basic Literature on EU Trade Policy

Bilal, San & Hoekmano, Bernard (eds.) (2019) Perspectives on the Soft Power of EU Trade Policy. London, UK: CEPR Press (A VoxEU.org eBook).

CIDOB Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (ed.) (2016): Different glances at EU trade policy. Barcelona.

Duina, Francesco G. & Viju-Miljusevic, Crina., (eds.) (2023) Standardizing the World. EU Trade policy and the Road to Convergence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Gstöhl, Sieglinde & De Bièvre, Dirk (2018) The Trade Policy of the European Union. London: Macmillan Education Palgrave.

Khorana, Sangeeta & Garcia, Maria (eds.) (2018) Handbook on the EU and International Trade. Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Leblond, Patrick & Viju-Miljusevic, Crina. (2019) ‘EU Trade Policy in the Twenty-First Century: Change, Continuity and Challenges’, Journal of European Public Policy, 26(12), pp. 1836–1846.

Manchin, Miriam; Puccio, Laura & Yildirim, Aydin (eds.) (2023) Coherence of the European Union Trade Policy with Its Non-Trade Objectives. World Trade Forum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rabinovych, Maryna (2021) EU Regional Trade Agreements : An Instrument of Promoting the Rule of Law to Third States. London ; Routledge.

Young, Alasdair R. & Peterson, John (2014) Parochial Global Europe: 21st Century Trade Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

B. EU Trade Policy in the Age of Geopolitics

Adriaensen, Johan & Postnikov, Evgeny. (eds.) (2022) A Geo-economic Turn in Trade Policy? : EU Trade Agreements in the Asia-Pacific. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.

Bauer, Matthias & Erixon, Fredrik (2020) Europe's Quest for Technological Sovereignty: Opportunities and Pitfalls. Ed. by ECIPE. Brussels (ECIPE Occasional Paper, 02/2020).

Bluth, Christian Johannes (2021) Europe's Trade Strategy for the Age of Geoeconomic Globalisation. The EU, China and the US Competing in the Face of the Global Megatrends of Climate, Technology and Demographic Change. London: CEPR Press.

Eliasson, L. Johan & Garcia‐Duran, Patricia (2023) New is old? The EU 's Open, Sustainable and Assertive Trade Policy. Global Policy, 14 (S3), 9–18.

Eliasson, L. Johan; Costa, Oriol & Garcia-Duran, Patricia (2023) Is the EU’s Trade Policy Aligning with America’s Trade Policy? In: Journal of World Trade 57 (2): 231-252.

Erixon, Fredrik; et al. (2022) The New Wave of Defensive Trade Policy Measures in the European Union: Design, Structure, and Trade Effects. Brussels: ECIPE. 

Felbermayr, Gabriel (2018) Ein Schaf unter Wölfen? Die Europäische Union und der Freihandel. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 4-5(68): 18-23.

Felbermayr, Gabriel (2022) European Trade Policy at the Service of Geopolitics? Requirements for New Instruments from the Perspective of Family Businesses. München: Stiftung Familienunternehmen.

Freudlsperger, Christian & Meunier, Sophie (2024) When Foreign Policy becomes Trade Policy: The EU’s anti‐Coercion Instrument. In: Journal of Common Market Studies, 62(4), pp.

De Ville, Ferdi (2019): "Naïve no longer"? The hardening of EU Trade Policy Discourse and Practice towards China and its Limits. Conference: Politicologenetmaal 2019. Antwerp University.

De Ville, Ferdi; Happersberger, Simon & Kalimo, Harri (2023) The Unilateral Turn in EU Trade Policy? The Origins and Characteristics of the EU’s New Trade Instruments. In: European Foreign Affairs Review 28 (Special Issue): 15–34.

Garcia-Duran, Patricia & Eliasson, L. Johan (2022) Was the European Union’s 2021 Trade Strategy a Critical Juncture? In: European Foreign Affairs Review 27 (4): 563–584.

Garcia-Duran, Patricia; Eliasson, L. Johan & Costa, Oriol (2023) Commerce and Security Meet in the European Union’s Trade Defence Instruments. In: Politics and Governance 11 (4): 165–176. 

Gehrke, Tobias (2022) EU Open Strategic Autonomy and the Trappings of Geoeconomics. In: European Foreign Affairs Review 27 (Special Issue), 61–78. 

Höra, Etienne & Weiss, Stefani (2024) The New Geo-Economic Instruments of the European Union. Gütersloh, Germany: Bertelsmann Stiftung.

Ilkova, Ivelina; Lebastard, Laura; & Serafini, Roberta (2024) Geopolitics and Trade in the Euro Area and the United States. De-risking of Import Supplies? Frankfurt am Main, Germany: European Central Bank (Occasional paper series).

Kübek, Gesa & Mancini, Isabella (2023) EU Trade Policy between Constitutional Openness and Strategic Autonomy. In: European Constitutional Law Review, 19(3), pp. 518–547.

Leonard, Mark; et al., (2019) Redefining Europe’s Economic Sovereignty. Bruegel; European Council on Foreign Relations. Brussels (Policy Contribution, 9).

Marx, Axel (2023) The Shift to Strategic Autonomy in EU Trade Policy. In: Global Policy, 14 (Suppl. 3), pp. 5–8.

Matthijs, Matthias & Meunier, Sophie (2023) Europe's Geoeconomic Revolution: How the EU Learned to Wield its Real Power. In: Foreign Affairs 102 (5), 168–179.

Mariotti, Sergio (2024) ‘Open Strategic Autonomy’ as an Industrial Policy Compass for the EU Competitiveness and Growth: The Good, the Bad, or the Ugly?. In: Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, 52(1), pp. 1–26.

        Mavroidis, Petros C. & Sapir, André (2024). Key New Factors Likely to Shape the EU’s Trade Agenda in the next Five-Year Term Briefing. Brussels: European Parliament.

Meissner, Katharina (2018) Commercial Realism and EU Trade Policy. Competing for Economic Power in Asia and the Americas. Milton: Routledge (Routledge/UACES Contemporary European Studies).

Meissner, Katharina (2024) EU Trade Policy in a Geopolitical Age. In Jopp, Mathias & Pollak, Johannes (eds) The European Union’s Geopolitics. The Future of Europe. Cham: Springer.

Meunier, Sophie & Nicolaïdis, Kalypso (2019) The Geopoliticization of European Trade and Investment Policy. In: JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 57 (S1): 103–113.

Myachin, Valentin & Vysotskyi, Oleksandr (2025) Strategic autonomy: Can the EU accelerate the Attainment of Defence and Technological Independence? In: European Journal of Economics and Management, 11(5), pp. 5–19.

Nagy, Csongor István (2023) The EU’s New Regime on Foreign Subsidies: Has the Time Come for a Paradigm-Shift? In: Journal of World Trade 57 (6): 889-908.

Olsen, Kim B. (2022) Diplomatic Realisation of the EU’s “Geoeconomic Pivot”: Sanctions, Trade, and Development Policy Reform. In: Politics and Governance 10 (1): 5–15.

Orbie, Jan (2021) EU Trade Policy Meets Geopolitics: What About Trade Justice? European Foreign Affairs Review. 26(2), 197–202.

Schild, Joachim & Schmidt, Dirk (2024): EU and US Foreign Economic Policy Responses to China. The End of Naivety. Abingdon and New York: Routledge (UACES Contemporary European Union Series).

Schaus, Malorie (2021) EU Trade Policy in Light of the New Industrial Strategy for Europe. Intereconomics, 56 (3): 144-149.

Schaus, Maloire (2025) The EU Trade and Investment Policy: Navigating Challenges and seizing Opportunities. In: Intereconomics, 60(1), pp. 46–48. 

Schmitz, Luuk & Seidl, Timo (2022) As Open as Possible, as Autonomous as Necessary: Understanding the Rise of Open Strategic Autonomy in EU Trade Policy. In: JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 62 (3): 834-852.

Verellen, Thomas & Hofer, Alexandra (2023) The Unilateral Turn in EU Trade and Investment Policy. In: European Foreign Affairs Review 28 (Special Issue): 1–14.

Weiss, Stefani (2025) The Geoeconomic Interconnectivity Index: Measuring the EU’s Economic Ties with Its Neighbours Against Those of the US, China and Russia (2010–2023). Gütersloh, Germany: Bertelsmann Stiftung.

Young, Alasdair R. (2025) Adapting to adversity? EU Trade Policy in a more Geopolitical World. In: Comparative European Politics, 23, pp. 745–762.

C. EU Foreign Economic Policies and China 

Brugier, Camille M. (2017) The EU’s Trade Strategy Towards China: Lessons for an Effective Turn. Asia Europe Journal, 15 (2), 199–212.

Christiansen, Thomas; Kirchner, Emil & Wissenbach, Uwe (2019) The European Union and China. London: Red Globe Press.

Dadush, Uri; Domínguez-Jiménez, Marta & Gao, Tianlang (2019) The State of China-EU Economic Relations. Bruegel.

Hooijmaaijers, Bas (2021) Unpacking EU Policy-making towards China : how Member States, Bureaucracies, and Institutions hape its China Economic Policy. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.

Matthes, Jürgen (2020) Die europäische Handelspolitik und China. Schritte zu einer neuen Balance mit fairem Wettbewerb. Köln: Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln Medien GmbH, IW Medien.

Matthes, Jürgen (2023) Entwicklung des Konkurrenzdrucks durch China auf dem EU-Markt, IW-Report, Nr. 39, Köln IW.

Peragovics, Tamas & Szunomár, Ágnes (2025) The European Union’s Investment screening Framework and China—a complicated Picture. In: Asia Europe Journal, 23, pp. 479–487.

Röhr, Wolfgang (2025) Economic Relations between Europe and China – “de-risking” or Renewed Partnership? In: Economic Diplomacy, 3(1), pp. 148–161.

Sandkamp, Alexander-Nikolai (2024) EU-China Trade Relations: Where do we stand, where should we go? Kiel Institute for the World Economy- Kiel Policy Brief No. 176 May 2024.

Schild, Joachim & Schmidt, Dirk (2024) EU and US Foreign Economic Policy Responses to China. The End of Naivety. Abingdon and New York: Routledge (UACES Contemporary European Union Series).

Schild, Joachim (2025) Eine geoökonomische Wende in der Handelspolitik? Die Ausgleichszölle der Europäischen Union auf batterieelektrische Fahrzeuge aus China. Integration 48 (4), 299-312.

Weil, Stefanie; Gottwald, Jörn-Carsten & Taube, Markus (2025) Responsive Securitization: How China’s Economic Statecraft Prompted Policy Change in the European Union. In: Journal of East Asia Security, 1(2), 38–43.

Xiaotong, Zhang (2023) Linkage Power Europe. The EU’s Trade Negotiations with China (1975-2019). Abingdon and New York: Routledge.

Zhang, Yaning & Rabe, Wiebke (2025) Explaining the EU’s Policy Shift toward China: an Institutional Approach. In: Journal of European Integration, 47(7), pp. 1107–1127. 

D. EU Screening of Foreign Direct Investments

Basedow, Robert; Meunier, Sophie & Roederer-Rynning, Christilla (2023) Fair play? The politics of evaluating Foreign Subsidies in the European Union, EUI, RSC, Working Paper, 2023/41, Global Governance Programme-507.

Bauerle Danzman, Sarah & Meunier, Sophie (2023) Naïve no more: Foreign Direct Investment screening in the European Union. Global policy. 14 (S3), 40–53.

Bourgeois, Jacques H.J (ed.) (2020) EU Framework for Foreign Direct Investment Control. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer.

Chan, Zenobia.T & Meunier, Sophie (2022) Behind the Screen: Understanding National Support for a Foreign Investment Screening Mechanism in the European Union. The Review of International Organizations, 17 (3), 513–541.

Crivoi, Alexia (2024) EU FDI Screening – Level Up in Multilevel Governance? In: Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien, 27, pp. 241–261.

De Kok, Jochem (2024) ‘Foreignness in EU Investment Screening Law’, in Pohl, J.H., Papadopoulos, T. & Wiesenthal, J. (eds) National Security and Investment Controls. Springer Studies in Law & Geoeconomics, vol. 3. Cham: Springer.

Gehl, Fabien (2024) International Coordination of National Screening Procedures: The Case of the EU Cooperation Mechanism. In: Pohl, J.H., Papadopoulos, T. & Wiesenthal, J. (eds) National Security and Investment Controls. Springer Studies in Law & Geoecon

Gottwald, Jörn-Carsten; Schild, Joachim & Schmidt, Dirk (2018): Das Ende der Naivität gegenüber China? Die Reform des europäischen Investitionskontrollregimes. In: integration 42 (2): 134-148.

Grieger, Gisela (2019) EU Framework for FDI Screening. Brussels: European Parliamentary Research Service.

Grieger, Gisela (2021) Screening of Foreign Direct Investment in Strategic Sectors: European Parliament.

Groussot, Xavier; Michael, Savvas & Mlynarcikova, Ema (2024) ‘The Screening of Foreign Investments in EU law: When “Security and Public order” become the new black in Internal Market Laws and Policies’, Nordic Journal of European Law.

Hafstad, Charlotte (2024) The European Approach to Investment Screening: Leaders and Laggards. In: Godzimirski, J.M. & Andersen, M.S. (eds) The Political Economy of National Security, Critical Infrastructure and Securitization of Foreign Investments. Inte

Huotari, Mikko & Kratz, Agatha (2019): Beyond Investment Screening. Expanding Europe’s toolbox to address economic risks from Chinese state capitalism: Rhodium Group and MERICS.

Levashova, Yulia & Zugliani, Niccolo (2024) Investor Obligations Through the Prism of the EU Foreign Investment Screening Framework. In: Pohl, J.H., Papadopoulos, T. & Wiesenthal, J. (eds) National Security and Investment Controls. Springer Studies in Law.

OECD (2022) Framework for Screening Foreign Direct Investment into the EU. Assessing effectiveness and efficiency. Paris: OECD.

Peragovics, Tamas & Szunomár, Ágnes (2025) The European Union’s Investment screening Framework and China—a complicated picture. In: Asia Europe Journal, 23, pp. 479–487.

Schill, Stephan W. (2019) The European Union’s Foreign Direct Investment Screening Paradox: Tightening Inward Investment Control to Further External Investment Liberalization. Legal Issues of Economic Integration, 46 (2), 105–128.

Velten, Jens (2022) Screening Foreign Direct Investment in the EU. Political Rationale, Legal Limitations, Legislative Options. Cham: Springer International Publishing (European Yearbook of International Economic Law Series).

Verellen, Thomas (2021) When Integration by Stealth Meets Public Security: The EU Foreign Direct Investment Screening Regulation. Legal Issues of Economic Integration, 48 (Issue 1), 19–42.

Vlasiuk Nibe, Anna; Meunier, Sophie & Roederer-Rynning, Chrisilla (2024) Pre-emptive Depoliticisation: the European Commission and the EU foreign investment screening regulation. In: Journal of European Public Policy, 31(1), pp. 182–211.

Vranes, Erich (2023) Investment Screening in the EU. In Investment Screening and WTO Law. SpringerBriefs in Law. Cham: Springer.

Zonta, Enrico (2025) From Economic Security to Legal Uncertainty: Exploring the Impact of the FDI screening Regulation and Foreign Subsidies Regulation on Mergers and Acquisitions in the EU. In: Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, 16(3), pp. 1

E. EU Export Control Policy

Alavi, Hamed & Khamichonak, Tatsiana (2016) A European Dilemma: The EU Export Control Regime on Dual-Use Goods and Technologies. DANUBE: Law and Economics Review, 7(3) 161–172.

Barkin, Noah (2020) Export controls and the US-China tech war: Policy challenges for Europe. Berlin: Mercator Institute for China Studies.

Bauer, Sibylle & Remacle, Eric (2018) Theory and Practice of multi-level Foreign Policy: The European Union’s Policy in the Field of Arms Export Controls. In: B. Tonra and T. Christiansen (eds.) Rethinking European Union Foreign Policy. Manchester Univers

Bromley, Mark & Maletta, Giovanna (2024) Making the most of the EU catch-all Control on Cyber-surveillance Exports, SIPRI.

Chorzempa, Martin & von Daniels, Laura (2023) New US Export Controls: Key Policy Choices for Europe. Recommendations for a robust European export control policy, German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP), SWP Comment No. 20, March 2023

Doppen, Floor (2025) From Competition to Co‐operation? FDI screening in the EU’, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies (online first).

Gehrke, Tobias & Ringhof, Julian (2023) The Power of Control: How the EU can Shape the new Era of Strategic Export Restrictions, Policy Brief, European Council on Foreign Relations.

Grytsyshen, Dymytrii; Abramova, Iryna & Vakun, Oksana (2025) Transformation of the EU Policy in the Field of Export Control of Military and Dual-use Goods. In: Public Policy and Accounting, 1(11), pp. 44–49.

Hilgenstock, Benjamin; et al., (2024) Using the Financial System to Enforce Export Controls. Working Paper 10/2024, Bruegel.

Hoekman, Bernard; Fiorini, Matteo & Yildirim, Aydin (2020) COVID-19: Export Controls and International Cooperation. In: R.E. Baldwin and S.J. Evenett (eds.) COVID-19 and Trade Policy: Why Turning Inward Won’t Work. UK: CEPR Press, 77–87.

Micara, Anna Giulia (2012) Current Features of the European Union Regime for Export Control of Dual‐Use Goods. Journal of Common Market Studies, 50(4), 578–593.

Pandiyan, Jayanthi & Schild, Joachim (2025) ‘Between Integration and Fragmentation: Stages, Geopolitical Drivers and limits of EU Integration in Export Control of Dual-Use Items’, Journal of European Public Policy, pp. 1–28.

Pandiyan, Jayanthi & Schild, Joachim (2025) A Geopolitical Turnabout? EU and US Dual-Use Export Controls Towards China, European Foreign Affairs Review, 30, pp. 179–198.

Primavarus, Andra Valentina (2026) ‘The Position of Human Rights in EU Export Controls: Examining the Coherence between the EU common Position on Arms Exports and the Dual-Use Goods Regulation’, European Foreign Affairs Review, 31(1), pp. 143–170.

Reis, Joao (2026) ‘EU Export Controls on Dual-Use Defense Technologies to Competing Global Powers’, in Vaseashta, A. & Rocha, A. (eds) Spectrum of Dual-Use Technologies. Information Systems Engineering and Management, vol. 66. Cham: Springer.

Whang, Cindy (2021) Trade and Emerging Technologies: A Comparative Analysis of the United States and the European Union Dual-Use Export Control Regulations. Security and Human Rights, 31(1-4) 11–34.

WorldECR (2021) Dual-use export controls in Europe. 2nd ed. London: WorldECR.

F. EU Critical Raw Material Policy

Baars, Joris; et al., (2021) Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials, Nature Sustainability, 4(1) 71–79. 

Carry, Inga; Godehardt, Nadine & Müller, Melanie (2023) The future of European-Chinese raw material supply chains, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, SWP Comment 2023/C27.

Detsch, Claudia; et al., (2024) The European Union’s Critical Raw Materials Act: Implications and Challenges for Europe, Latin America and Africa, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. 

European Commission: Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, Blengini, Gian Andrea; et al., (2020) Study on the EU's list of Critical Raw Materials– Final Report, Publications Office of the European Union. 

Findeisen, Francesco & Wernert, Yann (2023) Meeting the Costs of Resilience: The EU's Critical Raw Materials Strategy must go the extra Kilometer, Hertie School, Jacques Delors Center, Policy Brief.

Gherasim, Diana-Paula (2024) The troubled Reorganization of Critical Raw Materials Value Chains: An assessment of European de-risking policies, Institut Français des Relations Internationales. 

Götz, Valeska & Harnesk, David (2025) ‘Transnational Contestation for Local Communities within the formation of the European Union’s Critical Raw Materials Act – a critical appraisal’, Environmental Politics, pp. 1–27.

Gómez, Jorge Fernandez (2024) ‘Critical Raw Materials and Strategic Relations between the EU and China: The Role of the EU Critical Raw Materials Act’, in Li, Y., Leandro, F.J.B.S., Tavares da Silva, J. & Rodrigues, C. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook on China

Gröschl, Jasmin; et al., (2023) Critical Raw Materials – Is Europe ready to go back to the Future?, Allianz, Allianz Research.

Gstöhl, Sieglinde & Schnock, Jonathan (2024) Towards a Coherent Trade-Environment Nexus? The EU’s Critical Raw Materials Policy. Journal of World Trade, 58(1) 35–60.

Kalantzakos, Sophia (2020) The Race for Critical Minerals in an Era of Geopolitical Realignments, The International Spectator, 55(3) 1–16.

Le Mouel, Marie and Poitiers, Niclas (2023) Why Europe’s Critical Raw Materials Strategy has to be International. Berlin: Bruegel.

Leichthammer, Arthur (2024) Mining for tomorrow: The Strategic Importance of Critical Raw Materials for Europe’s industry, Jacques Delors Centre. 

Małgorzata Jakimów; Vsevolod Samokhalov & Brian Baldassarre (2024) Achieving European Union Strategic Autonomy: Circularity in Critical Raw Materials Value Chains, International Affairs, 100(4), 1735–1748. 

Müller, Melanie; et al., (2023) From Competition to a Sustainable Raw Materials Diplomacy, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, SWP Research Paper.

Nobletz, Capucine; Svartzman, Romain & Dikau, Simon (2024) The EU’s Dependency on Critical Minerals: meeting Decarbonisation Targets in the Context of Geopolitical Risk. London: CETEx and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, 

Leichthammer, Arthur (2024) The EU’s Critical Raw Materials Predicament. Jacques Delors Centre.

Reisch, Victoria (2022) The Race for Raw Materials, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, SWP Journal Review 2022/JR 01.

Correia, Vitor & Falck, W. Eberhard (2025) ‘Europe’s Critical Raw Materials: Balancing Strategic Needs with Environmental Protection’, Intereconomics, 60(5).

Theodosopoulos, Vasileios (2020) The Geopolitics of Supply: Towards a new EU Approach to the Security of Supply of Critical Raw Materials? Institute for European Studies. Policy Brief 2020/05.

Vafeas, Nicholas Andrew; Slezak, Paul R. & Hitzman, Murray W. (2024) Analysis of Critical Raw Materials Policy for Electrical and Electronic Equipment: Planning for a truly Circular Economy, ScienceDirect.  

Vlaskamp, Martijn C. (2025) ‘Looking for Resource Sovereignty in a Fragmenting Global Order: The EU’s Response to Critical Raw Materials Challenges’, in Costa, O., Soler i Lecha, E. & Vlaskamp, M.C. (eds) EU Foreign Policy in a Fragmenting International O

G. EU Trade Policy Documents

European Commission (2024) ‘White Paper on Export Controls’, COM(2024) 25 final COM(2024) 25 final, 24 January, Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (2023) European Economic Security Strategy, Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. Brussels, JOIN(2023) 20 final.

European Commission, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (2023) Strengthening European Economic Security, Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. Brussels, JOIN(2025) 977 final.

European Commission (2021) Trade Policy Review - An Open, Sustainable and Assertive Trade Policy. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Brussels, 18.2.2021 COM(2021) 66 final.

European Commission (2021) Reforming the WTO. Towards a sustainable and effective multilateral trading system. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union.

European Commission (2020) White Paper on levelling the playing field as regards foreign subsidies. Brussels: European Commission COM(2020) 253 final.

European Commission, 2017. Commission Staff Working Document on Significant Distortions in the Economy of the People's Republic of China for the Purposes of Trade Defence Investigations. Brussels.